What is the definition of a newspaper?
To start our research we wanted to analyse the definition of a newspaper to give us a clearer understanding of what we are aiming to create for our final product:Our definition before finding a more clear cut definition was:
' A document with news from all over the world or local '
By looking up internet definitions from different sources we gained a broader knowledge of what a newspaper actually was
Wikipedia ^
After this research we came up with a new definition:
' A printed document that is folded; containing not only news but also other features, from weather to horoscopes. Also, it so includes advertisement which helps the newspaper gain more capital. In a local newspaper it will include current events and unlikely world-wide news '
Newspaper publishers
We wanted to research the main newspaper publishers in the UK for international newspapers and also for local newspapers to see what publisher could publish our paper and do gain a broader knowledge of the newspaper industry:
Types of newspapers- Broadsheet vs. Tabloid
The history of newspapers
We researched the history of newspapers in depth to gain a deeper understanding of newspapers. We used books and the internet to make a timeline on word with important events and we then presented this information in a Prezi which is more aesthetically pleasing,condensing the information.
Top ten newspapers in the UK
We wanted to analyse the most successful newspapers in the UK so we can gain an understanding of what makes them successful and what we should include in our final product to ensure it would gain a large audience.
Top ten facts about local newspapers
Because we are specifically studying local newspapers as this is what we are creating we wanted to find out some further information about them. We found these top ten facts interesting and helpful because we found out that local newspapers appear to be fairly popular. The tenth fact states that local press is the most effective media channel for generating word of mouth conversations so we decided to create a radio clip advertising our newspaper to create publicity.
Circulation, distribution, readership and coverage
We researched a bit about circulation,distribution, readership and coverage to gain a knowledge on the wider world of newspapers.We used a variety of sources such as internet websites, books from our classes and books from our school library to find this information.
Google definitions:
Distribution: 'the way in which something is shared out among a group or spread over an area'
Circulation: 'the public availability or knowledge of something'
Readership: 'the readers of a newspaper, magazine, or book regarded collectively'
Coverage: 'the extent to which something deals with something else'
What we found out:
Our research on circulation and distribution proved to be helpful to our insight into newspapers. This is because we found out facts and figures on the amount of local newspapers currently being published however we also found out the organisations that release figures about local newspapers. We had a look at the websites that hold this information to find a list of local newspapers in which we could look at to see how many there are in specific areas and we also had a look at the features that makes them successful Our newspaper would also be placed on this website so the readers could gain more information about the paper, the information is easily accessed by the public.
The information we found expanded our knowledge of key terms.We found out coverage by age and gender and also region which was really helpful information as we found out what demographics were most frequent so therefore when we aim our local newspaper at a particular audience we should consider these figures.For example, elderly people are more likely to read newspapers therefore we should include information that suits them however younger age brackets also read newspapers so we should make sure to include information that appeals to a range of age groups to gain a high readership. Looking at this table, male and females tend to read newspapers roughly the same amount so the newspaper should be aimed at both. On the last table it shows that in the South West the percentage is 70% which is one of the highest areas for coverage and this is promising as our newspaper will be distributed in this area.
Legal considerations
Everyone working in printing and publishing should be aware
of legal constraints. The four main areas are…
Defamation
A libel is where a person complains that their character or
livelihood has been damaged as a result of something published in print. The
originator (journalist) as well as the editor/publisher could be charged under
the Defamation Act 1952, and the outcome could be heavy fine in the forms of
damages. An example of a libel is stating in print that someone has committed
fraud when in fact there is no proof of this.
Copyright
Copyright law controls how much of others people’s words,
artistry or photographs you can use in your print product. Under the Copyright
Design and Patents Act 1988, copyright protects any literary, dramatic,
artistic or musical work, sound recording, film broadcast or typographical
arrangement. There is, however, no copyright in facts, news, ideas or
information. Copyright exists in the form in which information is expressed and
the selection and arrangement of the material. It could be said that anything
worth copying is worth protecting and the reproduction of a substantial part of
a copyrighted work may constitute an infringement. For example, it could be an
infringement if you reproduce substantial passage from a book without the
author’s permission.
Reuters is an
international news agency. The company recruits thousands
of journalists that report news and post it onto the website. Over
the years Reuter’s agency has built a reputation in Europe and the
rest of the world as the first to report news scoops from
abroad.for example, it was the first to report Abraham
Lincoln’s assassination among other major stories. Almost every
major news outlet in the world currently subscribes to Reuters and it operates
in more than 200 cities in 94 countries in about 20 languages.
Discrimination
Anti-discrimination legislation make it an offence to publish
writing which is prejudiced against a person because of race, colour, religion,
sex or sexual orientation, or to any physical or mental illness or
handicap.
National security
Various Official Secrets Acts detail a range of crimes from
spying for a hostile country to revealing sensitive information which could
pose a threat to national security. Under the legislation, you could also be
charged if you refused to revel where you obtained certain kinds of sensitive
information. Guidance on national security is made available to people working
in the media through the Defence Press and Broadcasting Committee. This
Committee can issue D Notice.
Source- Media: Communication & Production- Advanced Level
Rupert Murdoch
Rupert Murdoch: Fact file
·
Born in Melbourne, Australia on March 11th 1931
·
His father was a famous war correspondent and
newspaper publisher, in which Rupert followed in his footsteps
·
When his father passed away Rupert inherited his
father's papers, The Sunday Mail and The News
·
From then on he went on to purchase other media
outlets over the years
·
He then branched out into buying American’s
newspapers in the 1970’s
·
He also went into the entertainment industry
·
He brought 20th Century FOX Film Corp in
1984
·
He later launched his own cable news channel,
FOX News
·
In 1969 he brought The Sun which was
then considered a ‘loss-maker’ however he soon turned it around to making
profits
·
A year later in 1970 he brought The News Of
The World
·
He continued to grow his empire as he also
brought the Sunday Times and The Times
·
He continued to broaden his horizons into
America where he then brought the New York Post and New York magazine
·
In 1985, in order to comply with US laws on
foreign ownership of TV stations, he moved to New York and became an American
citizen
To gain a deeper understanding of the Rupert Murdoch
scandal, we watched a documentary on it on the ‘channel four news’ website.
This definitely helped us broadened our understanding on a very important event
in the newspaper history.
What we learned
After
watching this documentary we learned that in March Rupert Murdoch
spoke to several of the journalists from The Sun who have been arrested in
connection with allegations of possible payments to officials. These words were
secretly recorded and broadcasted.
The conversation included Murdoch criticising the
Metropolitan police: "I mean, it's a disgrace. Here we are, two years
later, and the cops are totally incompetent," he said.
He
then sent two letters to two MPs apologising for his language in the previous
conversations. He said he is in no position to judge and should never have done
so. He said his comments were driven by a sense of frustration and he
did not mean to suggest that any violations of the law are at all tolerable of
acceptable.
Because
of this scandal, many people believe that we can no longer trust
Murdoch. This is important news for us to know as Murdoch owns many big
newspaper titles so this could affect the circulation of newspapers. Although
this wouldn't effect local newspapers we felt we needed to
understand the scandal in a bit of detail as it is so important in the
newspaper industry.
He
then sent two letters to two MPs apologising for his language in the previous
conversations. He said he is in no position to judge and should never have done
so. He said his comments were driven by a sense of frustration and he
did not mean to suggest that any violations of the law are at all tolerable of
acceptable.
Because
of this scandal, many people believe that we can no longer trust
Murdoch. This is important news for us to know as Murdoch owns many big
newspaper titles so this could affect the circulation of newspapers. Although
this wouldn't effect local newspapers we felt we needed to
understand the scandal in a bit of detail as it is so important in the
newspaper industry.
To create our newspaper we gave people this questionnaire as part of our audience research to get an idea of what people wanted from a local newspaper.
Our findings and analysis
Do you enjoy reading newspapers?
Yes No Depends
Which newspaper is your favourite?
The Sun Daily Mail Daily Telegraph The Times Daily Star The Mirror Other
Does the Rupert Murdoch scandal scare you off of buying newspapers?
Yes No Sometimes
Do you believe that newspapers have a significant effect on the world?
Yes No Sometimes
Do you understand the difference between tabloid, compact and broadsheet
Newspapers?
Yes No Somewhat
What newspaper features do you think is most important in a local newspaper?
Weather Local events Sport World News Local News Games Reviews
What section do you pay the most attention to?
Weather Local events Sport World news Local News Games Reviews
How did you gain the knowledge of your local newspaper?
Newsagents board TV Radio Word of mouth Billboards Other
Do you think the website format of a newspaper is more important or
the newspaper itself?
Website Newspaper
Do you believe that newspapers influence your decisions?
Yes No Sometimes
Yes No Sometimes
The analysed findings
Existing newspapers analysis
The Sun front cover
West Sussex Connections
Daily Echo
Romford Recorder
Typical template for a front cover
Similar newspapers
All of the above examples of newspapers with similar front page stories all contain the typical codes and conventions associated with newspapers. However, many of the features seen on the individual newspapers do somewhat vary from each other. Resultantly, each of the newspapers are able to differentiate themselves from each other in order to appeal to their desired target audience. All of the main images on the covers contain substantial similarities; and the Telegraph and The Sun have exactly the same image. Whilst it would seem that newspapers would try and establish themselves against the rest, it's likely they felt they wanted to convey the 'hard news' abruptly to the audience, and therefore wanted to somewhat play it safe by not overstepping the conventions of newspapers. The Daily Mail is the only newspaper to contain an image that slightly differs from the rest.
Next page of a newspaper analysis
Poster analysis
We also have to create a newspaper poster so we analysed some to see the typical features.
By looking at our own local
newspaper; The Daily Echo, we looked closely at each layout as we wanted to
follow the codes and conventions. We took each element into consideration when
designing our own one. From closely analysing each one, we discovered that the
main features are...
* Bold capital letters
We looked closely into each element
this will help us when we construct our own one, which will hopefully make ours
look as professional as possible. Each of these newspaper posters are either
enticing headlines or headlines that may affect many consumers. This will help
us come up with our headlines for the newspaper posters. By looking closer we
will definitely take each feature into consideration as this would be a great
help when we design ours.
Radio advert analysis
As we have to create a short radio advert we found a Youtube video of some radio adverts to find out the typical conventions of an advert. We struggled to find any radio adverts advertising newspapers so instead we analysed adverts advertising other products or companies.Jingle research
To help us get a better understanding of a jingle, we searched in a number of different sources to gain a broader understanding.
· A jingle is a short tune used in advertising and for other commercial uses.- Wikipedia
· A short slogan, verse, or tune designed to be easily remembered, especially as used in advertising.- Google
· To have the catchy sound of a simple, repetitious rhyme or doggerel- Thefreedictionary.com
· Tune for advertising something: a catchy tune or verse, usually one that is played repeatedly to advertise something- Bing
We originally had no idea on how to create a jingle, so we searched the internet to help us. We came across a step-by-step guide which we thought was helpful, so when we finally create our jingle we will bear this advice in mind.
Source: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/make-good-advertisement-jingles-26192.html
We researched what are the most common and popular musical instruments that are used in jingles. We thought this would help us keep to the codes and conventions of a jingle as we did not want to break the boundaries. As this radio jingle is about a local newspaper, we decided to keep with a formal approach, as this product is mainly aimed at the older generation and did not want to come across as ‘childish’ or ‘informal’. From this list that we discovered, we will take it in account when designing/create our jingle.
Source: http://oldportjingles.com/about/instrumentation/
Not only did we search the internet and recorded /wrote it all down, but we thought that a different type of media would also help us. So we came across the BBC documentary on behind the senses of how a big organisation recorded their jingle, we found it interesting and fascinating on how they did it. Hopefully this will help us when create our own jingle.
Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/radio/posts/New-Jingles-for-BBC-Radio-2
BBC radio jingle:
Before we create
our jingle we wanted to do a wide range of research to gain a deeper
understanding as we wanted to make our jingle as professional as possible. We came across this BBC short
clip/documentary, and thought it would be good to watch and too broaden our
horizons. As the BBC are known to be professional statutory cooperation, we
thought this would help us when coming down to designing and creating ours.
From this short and
helpful clip we discovered that the majority of jingles use a variety of
different musical instruments. For
example in this clip we saw a different range of genres that they incorporated
into their jingle, from blues to big band. They have even used orchestra,
gospel choir and vocals. The majority of the people that were seen doing the
vocals were mid-twenties too early forties. This helped us to see what kind of
things to include into our jingle.
Loops:
According to Duffell, "Loops are short
sections of tracks (probably between one and four bars in length), which you
believe might work being repeated." A loop is not "any sample,
but...specifically a small section of sound that's repeated continuously."
A loop can be created using a wide range of music technologies including
digital samplers, synthesizers, sequencers, drum machines, tape machines, delay
units, or they can be programmed using computer music software. Our Radio
Jingle is likely to include some of these
'loops' especially as they remain consistent.
Understanding jingles more:
To help us understand features of a jingle, we
watched a few selection of them on youtube.com, we wanted to know some of the
fundamental features, so we could incorporate this into our own work. This
helped us design our own jingle, as although some of the jingles on youtube.com
may not be all newspapers, the majority of them had very similar features which
helped us to follow the codes and conventions of jingles, as we did not want to
go against them.
After watching/hearing many different jingles, we
came up with a list of the most popular and used features that was used in
jingles. This helped us to come up with a professional as possible jingle.
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